Evaluate the Causes of World War I Essay Example

Evaluate the Causes of World War I Essay Example Evaluate the Causes of World War I Essay Evaluate the Causes of World War I Essay World war one is one of the most of import events in universe history. It took topographic point in Europe in 1914-1918. The whole universe participated this war. So everyone had some duty. There are more than one grounds for the eruption of this war. Chiefly. it was the enlargement signifier of patriotism A ; the confederations system. Other issues played a major portion excessively. such as imperialism. the industrial revolution. naval race and domestic factors. One of the chief long term causes as I said before is Nationalism. Patriotism is the loyal feeling when people believe passionately for their states. The utmost feeling of patriotism is called ethnocentrism and it leads to fascism. Nationalism besides. promoted the war because patriots wanted to restore their nation’s power. Th e bulk of people before and during the universe war one. wanted to hold a larger district. Flags are created to stand for a state. The three states that formed the Triple Alliance was formed by different cultural groups. Above all. Austria’s – Hungary’s cultural groups wanted their independency. These groups were. Slovaks. Serbs A ; Czechs. They wanted to govern themselves and hold their ain province. Particularly. many Serbs in different districts wanted to fall in the adjacent province of Serbia. Italy was besides formed from a aggregation of smaller provinces. taking at holding its authorities established. The trigger cause of universe war one was the blackwash of Archduke Franz Ferdinard A ; his married woman besides by a Serbian patriot. This happened in June 1914 while they were in Sarajevo. Bosnia which was a portion of Austria – Hungary. This blackwash was in protest to Austria – Hungary holding control of the part. This was the utmost signifier of patriotism as I said supra. that killed the prince of Austria and universe war one began. Another cause which cause the war is imperialism. In other words. the competition among powerful states to widen their power. All the states were looking for ways to suppress oversea settlements. There was a competitory feeling about it. They besides needed more resources. Naval bases for Germany A ; Britain were besides of paramount of import. For illustration. France A ; Russia prepared to confront any German invasion. Germany took from France an of import industrial country of Alsace – Lorraine. In 1890 Germany has a New Kaiser who was really active. Germany seized control of Chinese ports A ; wanted more oversea settlements as Britain A ; France had. Italy besides wanted more oversea settlements and that’s a ground it joined the Triple Alliance. Furthermore. there is another cause. the confederations. Alliances existed to back up friends and endanger enemies. The promoted their ain civilization. Alliance’s motions are like packs. They used force and engineering arms. Alliances active function before the war was to understand the advancement of the war A ; country’s motions. So earlier universe war one Russia defended Serbia. Serbia’s districts were controlled by the province of Austria – Hungary. Serbia started the war against Austria – Hungary and Russia got involved. France A ; Russia had a close friendly relationship. A response to acquire back its land Germany attacked France through Belgium. In 1884 the Ternary Alliance we formed with Germany. Italy and Austria – Hungary to back up each other militarily in instance of an onslaught. The Triple Entente that formed in 1904 with Britain. France and Russia. The last cause of the war was the industrial revolution. in other words militarism. Militarism is associated with engineering arms. Such as autos. bombs. machine guns. pigboats. slugs. dynamites etc. Industrial development was really of import in order to be powerful. In this new war ground forcess used autos and non Equus caballuss. Another point is the wireless. was used for propaganda. Everything was traveling really fast. Military includes pigboats. aeroplanes and machine guns. France A ; Russia worried a batch for Germany’s development. Loans from France helped Russia to develop industries. Germany’s navy program named Navy Code was increasing their naval forces. This program worked as a threaten to Britain. Germany’s development of their naval forces was evident. It become one of the world’s most powerful naval forcess in 1980 with Britain foremost. In 1914 German industries was 2nd in the universe merely to that of the USA. Serbia was besides going a powerful force in Balkans. France besides built up their industries A ; ground forces. Russia was the largest of all six powers nevertheless it was the most backward and least developed. As a consequence of this war there was desolation across Europe. Eight 1000000s of people died A ; twenty – nine 1000000s injured. The usage of the word devastation includes issues we are non able to see. It’s non merely the devastation of edifices. the deficiency of instruction and the economic diminution. It’s besides the deficiency of thoughts. household issues. the psychological science of the crowd. propaganda and much more. Even after the universe war one for decennaries the leaders altering political relations. alterations A ; public sentiments. In my sentiment continuing the peace was neither Ternary Alliance’s or Triple entente’s precedence. What if the states did non demo off or vie for power? I believe that patriotism was the most of import cause for doing the war. Consequently all the states were responding in highly chauvinistic ways and unreasonably. I besides think universe war one was a consequence of leader’s hostility towards other states which was sustained by the increasing patriotism of European states. The blackwash of Archduke worked as the immediate cause that triggered a Domino consequence of reactions among all these states. If this wouldn’t go on. they would hold happen another cause to get down the war. I suppose everything’s happened because of the selfishness leader’s had. They didn’t inspire the crowd A ; this prove that there was the failure of diplomatic negotiations.

The Parthians as Intermediaries in the Silk Trade

The Parthians as Intermediaries in the Silk Trade The ancient Chinese invented sericulture- the production of silk fabric. They opened the silkworm cocoon to extract silk filaments, twisted the threads, and dyed the fabric they produced. Silk fabric has long been prized, and correspondingly expensive, so it was a valuable source of revenue for the Chinese, so long as they could monopolize production. Other luxury-loving people were eager to prise their secret, but the Chinese guarded it carefully, under pain of execution. Until they learned the secret, the Romans found another way to share in the profit. They manufactured silken products. The Parthians found a way to profit, too by serving as middlemen. The Chinese Monopoly on Silk Production In The Silk Trade between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height, Circa A. D. 90-130, J. Thorley argues that the Parthians (c. 200 B.C. - c. A.D. 200), serving as trading intermediaries between China and the Roman Empire, sold fancy Chinese brocades to Rome and then, using some deceit about silkworm cocoons in the Roman Empire, sold re-weavings of gauzy silk back to the Chinese. The Chinese, admittedly, lacked the technology for the weaving, but they might have been scandalized to realize they had provided the raw material. The Silk Road Prospered Although Julius Caesar may have had silk curtains made from Chinese silk, silk was in very limited supply in Rome until the time of peace and prosperity under Augustus. From the late first century to early in the second, the whole of the silk route was at peace and trade prospered as it never had before and never would again until the Mongol Empire. In Roman Imperial history, the barbarians kept pushing at the borders and clamoring to be let in. These would-be Romans had been displaced by other tribes further out. This is part of a complicated stream of events that led to the invasions of the Roman Empire by Vandals and Visigoths, nicely treated in Michael Kulikowskis The Gothic Wars. The Barbarians at the Gates Thorley says that a stream of similar border-pushing events led to the efficiently functioning silk route of the period. Nomadic tribes called the Hsiung Nu harassed the Chin dynasty (255-206 B.C.) into building the Great Wall for protection (like Hadrians Wall and the Antonine Wall in Britain were supposed to keep out the Picts). Emperor Wu Ti forced out the Hsiung Nu, so they tried to get into Turkestan. The Chinese sent forces to Turkestan and took possession of it. Once in control of Turkestan, they built trade route outposts from North China to the Tarim Basin in Chinese hands. Thwarted, the Hsiung Nu turned to their neighbors to the south and west, the Yueh-chi, driving them to the Aral Sea, where they, in turn, drove out the Scythians. The Scythians migrated to Iran and India. The Yueh-chi later followed, arriving in Sogdiana and Bactria. In the first century A.D., they migrated into Kashmir where their dynasty became known as the Kushan. Iran, to the west of the Kushan empire , came into Parthian hands after the Parthians wrested control from the Seleucids who ran the area after the death of Alexander the Great. This meant that going from west to east in about A.D. 90, the kingdoms controlling the silk route were only 4: the Romans, the Parthians, the Kushan, and the Chinese. The Parthians Become the Middlemen The Parthians persuaded the Chinese, who traveled from China, through the Kushan area of India (where they presumably paid a fee to allow them to travel through), and into Parthia, not to take their merchandise further west, making the Parthians middlemen. Thorley provides an unusual-looking list of exports from the Roman Empire that they sold to the Chinese. This is the list that contains the locally acquired silk: [G]old, silver [probably from Spain], and rare precious stones, especially the jewel that shines at night, the moonshine pearl, the chicken- frightening rhinoceros stone, corals, amber, glass, lang-kan (a kind of coral), chu-tan (cinnabar?), green jadestone, gold-embroidered rugs, and thin silk- cloth of various colours. They make gold-coloured cloth and asbestos cloth. They further have fine cloth, also called down of the water- sheep; it is made from the cocoons of wild silk-worms. They collect all kinds of fragrant substances, the juice of which they boil into storas. It wasnt until the Byzantine era that Romans really had their own silkworms. SourceThe Silk Trade between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height, Circa A. D. 90-130, by J. Thorley. Greece Rome, 2nd Ser., Vol. 18, No. 1. (Apr. 1971), pp. 71-80.

Should the capital punishment be allowed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Should the capital punishment be allowed - Essay Example 46). The increased number is attributed to these four nations being most populous nations globally. The death penalty is matter controversy in different nations across the world. The positions are varied based on either cultural region, or political ideology. Among the member states of the European Union (EU), Article 2 of the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the EU prohibits the use of capital punishment (European Union, 2010). In the same way, the Council of Europe that is comprised of 47 member states does not allow capital punishment among its members. The public opinion in relation to the death penalty varies considerably. Nonetheless, studies have evidenced adequate reasons as to why the death penalty needs to be abolished. Hodgkinson and Schabas (2004, p. 57) shares the evidence that the death penalty needs to be illegalised because life is very valuable. Life is very important and even murderers are not supposed to be deprived the value of their lives. Life cannot be taken back and every justice system is vulnerable to failure. Therefore, capital punishment puts numerous innocent lives at risk (Kronenwetter, 2001, p.53). Any mistake from the prosecution team may lead to demise of an innocent person. In the same way, innocent people will be prosecuted and killed due to flaws in the justice system. Justices, prosecutors, and witnesses can makes mistakes, which may result in the wrongful convictions of persons. It therefore becomes inevitable that innocent individuals may be sentenced to death for capital crimes. For example, in America, according to Amnesty International an estimated 130 people have been found to be innocent who were on death row. The mentally ill persons may also be executed not knowing why the reasons for their mistakes. The uncooperative and cold behaviour of the mentally challenged persons in the courtroom makes them unable to participate in the trials. As a result, they convicted and put on death row when they are

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 67

Case Study - Essay Example This led to implementation and installation of the new system, but poor training and inadequate time for training about the new systems affected its effectiveness. This led to challenges to the JCSS officials but after later training, the system became effective. (Timeline, 2006). For the purpose of faster and efficient data analysis, JCSS needed to develop the new system and to enhance that they selected vendors and software. A selection of computer committee of major users of the system was chosen to evaluate and recommend on available systems and recommend a vendor to the JCSS School Board. The vendors were to accept responsibility and enhance installation and maintenance of the new system by support and training services. JCSS gave information on the size and the system they needed and gave specifications on the desired requirements for the application software. The problem arose when the system that they needed did none of what they exactly needed the system to do and this led to uncertainties in the new system, which was to be replaced with the existing one. (Chris, 2006) There were major problems in using the student management system and installation. The method employed in the implementation of student system by transferring directly all information in the old system to the new system without testing the system to identify any problem let to problems. This led to errors when they started working on the students scheduling. The scheduling officers did not know how the system work due to inefficient training by the DSI, and this led to the failure of JCSS to make the schedules done at the time planned which resulted in several problems. The rush in training due to less time for training as schools were to open led to issues when schools started as those working in the system did not understand it. The attendance officers were unable to work the system for the first few weeks, and this made scheduling of

My review and judgement for Toyshops online marketing Essay Example for Free

My review and judgement for Toyshops online marketing Essay Top shop online retail website allows their customer to purchase their products online. Top shop is generally regarded as the high street fashion centre for all women and men under 30, reasonably priced clothes suitable for all occasions. Top shop is one of the better laid out online shops the site uses an attractive black colour scheme and the clothes are divided into categories, viewers can choose to browse by New In items, Special Offers, Sale, Kate Moss range, Dresses, etc. Topshop is a high street fashion retailer that has been up and running since 1964 and is has successfully open 300 store across the UK, do shipments to more than 100 countries and has their eclectic British style is known all over the world. Over the years they have built a strong bond with industry insiders and in 2002 they joined forces with newgen, a scheme which allowed them to foster new design talent and provide a global platform for the scene’s brightest new stars. Topshop also the only high street brand to show on schedule at London Fashion week and Topshop Unique has become the style set’s hottest ticket. The Topshop formula is proving not just popular/reputation but profitable too. The chain made around $200 million in pre-tax profits last year on revenues of approximately $1.14 billion. Topshop online marketing system is very effective to its viewers/ users, Topshop’s online website benefits their customers because it give their customers the opportunity to visit their website at any time during business hours which make online shopping an excellent option for many busy shoppers. One of the most obvious benefit for online shoppers is convenience, online shoppers has the ability to purchase products/service from Topshop’s online website at any time which is most convenient for them. Their online website accepts orders twenty-four hours a day during normal business hours. Topshop’s online website provides their customers with total product information. Customers shopping online expect product details which is the Price, information on how the product or service runs on how to use it an so on, this is a benefit for the customer because before purchasing a product they get to see the price and get information on the product on how it will work out for them so they will get an rough idea of how it will work so before purchasing they could compare and select whether the price is suitable for them and if the service or product has what they need. Viewing items is easy – viewers can just click on the item they want to view in more detail and it brings up the name of the item, the price, a brief description of the product, materials used, suggestions for how to wear it, and a picture of the front and the back which you are able to zoom in. customers can see what sizes the item is available in sizes go from 6-16 and any sizes not in stock are greyed out. The business online features is beneficial to their viewer because it help to their viewers to find exactly what they are looking for in other words ‘easy to use’; images, colours, gifs, videos, drop down menus and search bars are all useful to the business viewers. Topshop’s online website also provides their viewers to be able to create their own account with the company, get additional information on their business, clothing and also complaints, viewers can write their own review on their products and service that the business offers. The effectiveness of the of Topshop marketing The effectiveness of Topshop marketing online gives customers an opportunity to purchase items from their online webpage, collect information about the product, service and also information about the business, their online webpage is also design in a way to enable their customers to get exactly what the they are looking; at the bottom of Topshop online webpage is where customers can get the information there need from the business such as, information about the business, how to find different branches, help and also other website that the customers can visit for update; Facebook, twitter, YouTube and also Google. Images, videos, pictures, drop down menus, gifs and search bar play a big impact on how customers view the business webpage, it make it easier for the customers to locate stuff on the business webpage, because these online features are visual. Topshop online website is effective because it help to attraction new customers to the business. The internet is a main asset to many people because they use this on a regular basis whether it is to communication, gather information or locate new places. Topshop use many marketing techniques to promote their online business, these are; promotional adverts online, email promotion, hyperlinks, on website such as twitter and Facebook and so on YouTube. Topshop also have an app for all smartphone, where customers can use to also purchase item, gather information and so on, this is very effective for their customers because this give their customers the advantage to shop from anywhere, during business hours. Topshop internet marketing states for Facebook and Twitter. Topshop continues to grow its following on social media sites, due to lots of features, in-store promotions and relatively high levels of engagement with fans and followers. Stats from E-Digital Research look at the number of followers for the top 20 retailers on Facebook and Twitter and, for the first time, Google+. Top 20 UK retailers on Facebook Topshop was also in pole position and it has added more than 1m new fans since May 2011. Its target audience are big Facebook and social media in general users, so the strategy of promoting its Facebook presence works well. Content is regularly updated to keep people interested, while it also promotes its social media profiles in stores and from its website. The retailer uses exclusive deals and interactive content to keep people interested. How much this translates into sales is another matter, but its significant that it hasnt opened an f-commerce store, presumably preferring to drive users to its product pages.

Coelomate And Acoelomate :: essays research papers

Most animal phyla originated in a relatively brief span of geological time, however the diversity among them is extraordinary. Every organism is very unique a detailed in certain ways, comparisons of certain types of organisms can be very difficult. The class in which will be compared is that of the invertebrates. The main difference between coelomate and acoelomate body plans are that coelomates have a true coelom, which is a fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by tissue which is derived from mesoderm. The purpose of this cavity is to cushion the suspended organs to help them prevent injury, enables internal organs to grow and move independently from the outer body wall. Acoelomates, though, lack a cavity between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. An example of an acoelomate would be a flatworm, or planarian, While an example of a coelomate would be a rotifer. The differences between protostome and deuterostome development are the characteristics in their cleavage, their coelom formation, and the fate of their blastopore. Many protostomes undergo spiral cleavage. In spiral cleavage, planes of cell division occur diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo. The cleavage also determinates, which casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early. In deuterostomes, they undergo radial cleavage, where the cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the egg. Deuterostomes are further characterized by indeterminate cleavage, which means that each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. Indeterminate cleavage of the human zygote allows identical twins to be possible. In a protostome, as the archenteron forms, solid masses of mesoderm split to form the coelomic cavities, or schizocoelous development. In deuterostomes, the development of body cavi ties, or enterocoelous, happens when the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and hollows to become the coelomic cavities. The mouth of many protostomes develops from the first opening, the blastopore. The mouth of a deuterostome is derived from the secondary opening, and the blastopore usually forms the anus. The differences between radial and bilateral symmetry is that an animal with radial symmetry has parts that are arranged like the spokes of a wheel and a cut down the central axis, it would divide the animal into mirror images. Radial animals include hydra, jellyfishes, and their relatives. An animal with bilateral symmetry has a left and right side, and a cut down its central axis would divide the animal into mirror-image halves.

Stock Exchange

What is Stock Exchange? A stock exchange is the market place for the purchase and sale of second hand securities. It provides â€Å"trading† facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade shares of the listed companies and other financial instruments such as Term Finance Certificates and Derivatives. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for the issue (listing), redemption (delisting) of securities and other capital events including the payment of income and dividends. It is a key institution for smooth functioning and steady growth of the corporate sector and can be seen as a key to the economic life of a nation.Stock exchange is the home of the capital and pivot of the money market, providing proper mobility for capital. The securities of joint-stock companies, government securities and securities issued by semi-government organization are dealt with on a stock exchange. History of Stock Exchange The history of stock exchanges can be traced to 12th century France, when the first brokers (the role of an individual or a firm when it acts as an agent for a customer and charges the customer a commission for its services) are believed to have developed, trading in debt and government securities.Unofficial share markets existed across Europe through the 1600s, where brokers would meet outside or in coffee houses to make trades. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, created in 1602, became the first official stock exchange when it began trading shares of the Dutch East India Company. These were the first company shares ever issued. By the early 1700s there were fully operational stock exchanges in France and England, and America followed in the later part of the century. Share exchanges became an important way for companies to raise capital for investment, while also offering investors the opportunity to share in company profits.The early days of the stock exchange experienced many scandals and share crashes, as there was little to no regulation and almost anyo ne was allowed to participate in the exchange. Today, stock exchanges operate around the world, and they have become highly regulated institutions. Investors wanting to buy and sell shares must do so through a share broker, who pays to own a seat on the exchange. Companies with shares traded on an exchange are said to be ‘listed' and they must meet specific criteria, which varies across exchanges.Most stock exchanges began as floor exchanges, where traders made deals face-to-face. The largest stock exchange in the world, the New York Stock Exchange, continues to operate this way, but most of the world's exchanges have now become fully electronic. Functions of Stock Market ? Ready Market Stock exchange is a continuous market for the resale of existing securities. It is a centre where buyers and sellers assemble to deal in securities at any time during the business hours. It enables investors to realize quickly their shares and debentures.This facility encourages people to inves t in business enterprise by means of buying industrial securities. It helps new investors to obtain securities at any time at market price. ? Protection to investors Protection of the interest of the investors is another function of stock exchange. This it does by ensuring safety and fair dealing to the average investors through strict enforcement of its rules and regulations. Without the cover of a stock exchange there may be unfair competition between different brokers. The investors may be deceived by clever and dishonest brokers.In a stock exchange any malpractice by a broker carries a severe penalty. ? Profitable use of funds Another major function of the stock exchange is the mobilization of surplus funds of individuals firms and companies for investment in industrial securities. Without the stock exchange, these funds would have remained idle. It directs the surplus funds into the most profitable channel and thereby secures their effective utilization. People invest their sav ings in companies yielding good returns. Stock exchange in Pakistan In Pakistan there are three stock exchanges, ? Karachi stock exchange (KSE) Lahore stock exchange (LSE) ? Islamabad stock exchange (ISE) Karachi Stock Exchange The KSE is the first stock exchange of Pakistan established in September 18, 1947 and incorporated in March 10, 1949. KSE start with 5 companies with a paid-up capital of RS 37 million. The first index was the KSE 100 index. KSE Indices Family ? KSE 100 The KSE100 index is a benchmark by which the stock price performance can be compared to over a period of time. In particular, the KSE 100 is designed to provide investors with a sense of how the Pakistan equity market is performing.Thus, the KSE100 is similar to other indicators that track various sectors of the Pakistan economic activity such as the gross national product, consumer price index, etc. The KSE-100 Index was introduced in November 1991 with base value of 1,000 points. The Index comprises of 100 c ompanies selected on the basis of sector representation and highest market capitalization, which tracks over 85% of the total market capitalization of the companies listed on the Exchange. ? KSE-30 Index The Karachi Stock Exchange has launched the KSE-30 Index with base value of 10,000 points, formally implemented from Friday, September 1, 2006.The main feature of this index that makes it different from other indices is: ? Based on the â€Å"Free Float Methodology† ? It includes only the top 30 most liquid companies listed on the KSE. ? KMI-30 ? Index introduced in September, 2008 ? Tracks the 30 most liquid Shariah-compliant companies listed at KSE weighted by free float adjusted market capitalization. ? Shariah Screening performed by Shariah Supervisory Board of Meezan Bank (chaired by Justice (Retd. ) Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani). ? KSE All Share Index ? It consists of all the companies listed on the KSE. ? KSE-GTOiOil & Gas Sector plays vital roles in Pakistan’s eco nomy and therefore KSE has developed a Tradable Oil & Gas Index which tracks at least 80% free-float market capitalization of the Oil & Gas Sector. This index provides Investors and Market Intermediaries with an appropriate benchmark that captures the performance of each segment of the economy. KSE-100 Composition Basis The selection criteria for stock inclusion in the existing KSE-100 Index is based on three main filters, namely Sector rule, Capitalization rule and Default rule. The top sector companies may also qualify for inclusion on the basis of their market capitalization. Sector Rule Largest market capitalization in each Karachi Stock Exchange sectors excluding Open-end Mutual Fund Sector ? The Largest Capitalization Rule The remaining index places are taken up by the largest market capitalization companies in descending order. ? The Default Counter and Non Tradable Rule Company which is on the Defaulters’ Counter and/or its trading is suspended; declare Non-Tradable ( i. e. NT) in preceding 6 months from the date of re-composition shall not be considered in the re-composition of KSE-100 Index . How many stocks are registered and categories? The total number of companies listed in KSE is 572 with a listed capital of RS. 1103072. 80 million ? In KSE companies are listed under following categories according to the nature of their industry. |Sector Wise Categories of Companies | |Oil and Gas |Pharma and Bio Tech | |Chemicals |Media |Forestry |Travel & leisure | |Industrial metals and mining |Fixed line Telecommunication | |General industries |Electricity | |Electronic and electrical Goods |Multiutilities | |Engineering |Commercial Banks | |Industrial Transportation |Non Life Insurance | |Support services |Life insurance | |Automobile and Parts |Real estate investment and services | |Beverages |financial services | |Food Producers |Equity Investment Instruments | |Household Goods |Software and computer services | |Leisure Goods. |Technology Hard ware and Equipment | |Personal Goods | | |Personal Goods | | |Tobacco | |Advance /Decline: If there is increasing trend in the prices of share then we said that the market gains the index or points and vice versa. Points: Points shows the Overall worth of the market. There are many factors that influence the market points and due to these factors market’s point increases or increases. These factors consist of formulae of capital structure and other related things. In Pakistan value of 1 point is approximately equal to 5 crores and it changes due to inflation and other economic factors. When an individual invest an amount equal to 5 Crores then 1 point increases and when he/she pull back his investment then 1 point decreases 1 point = 5 Crores Stock Exchange A stock market or equity market is a public (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete) entity for the trading of company stock (shares) and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately. The size of the world stock market was estimated at about $36. 6 trillion at the start of October 2008. The total world derivatives market has been estimated at about $791 trillion face or nominal value,[2] 11 times the size of the entire world economy. The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities of a corporation or mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. The largest stock market in the United States, by market capitalization, is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). In Canada, the largest stock market is the Toronto Stock Exchange. Major European examples of stock exchanges include the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Paris Bourse, and the Deutsche Borse (Frankfurt Stock Exchange). In Africa, examples include Nigerian Stock Exchange, JSE Limited, etc. Asian examples include the Singapore Exchange, the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange, and the Bombay Stock Exchange. In Latin America, there are such exchanges as the BM&F Bovespa and the BMV. A few decades ago, worldwide, buyers and sellers were individual investors, such as wealthy businessmen, usually with long family histories to particular corporations. Over time, markets have become more â€Å"institutionalized†; buyers and sellers are largely institutions (e. g. , pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds, hedge funds, investor groups, banks and various other financial institutions). The rise of the institutional investor has brought with it some improvements in market operations. Thus, the government was responsible for â€Å"fixed† (and exorbitant) fees being markedly reduced for the ‘small' investor, but only after the large institutions had managed to break the brokers' solid front on fees. (They then went to ‘negotiated' fees, but only for large institutions. History : Established in 1875, the Bombay Stock Exchange is Asia's first stock exchange. In 12th century France the courratiers de change were concerned with managing and regulating the debts of agricultural communities on behalf of the banks. Because these men also traded with debts, they could be called the first brokers. A common misbelief is that in late 13th century Bruges commodity traders gathered inside the house of a man called Van der Beurze, and in 1309 they became the â€Å"Brugse Beurse†, institutionalizing what had been, until then, an informal meeting, but actually, the family Van der Beurze had a building in Antwerp where those gatherings occurred; the Van der Beurze had Antwerp, as most of the merchants of that period, as their primary place for trading. The idea quickly spread around Flanders and neighboring counties and â€Å"Beurzen† soon opened in Ghent and Amsterdam. In the middle of the 13th century, Venetian bankers began to trade in government securities. In 1351 the Venetian government outlawed spreading rumors intended to lower the price of government funds. Bankers in Pisa, Verona, Genoa and Florence also began trading in government securities during the 14th century. This was only possible because these were independent city states not ruled by a duke but a council of influential citizens. Italian companies were also the first to issue shares. Companies in England and the Low Countries followed in the 16th century. The Dutch East India Company (founded in 1602) was the first joint-stock company to get a fixed capital stock and as a result, continuous trade in company stock emerged on the Amsterdam Exchange. Soon thereafter, a lively trade in various derivatives, among which options and repos, emerged on the Amsterdam market. Dutch traders also pioneered short selling – a practice which was banned by the Dutch authorities as early as 1610. 7] There are now stock markets in virtually every developed and most developing economies, with the world's biggest market being in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, India, China, Canada, Germany's (Frankfurt Stock Exchange), France, South Korea and the Netherlands. Importance of stock market : The stock market is one of the most important sources for companies to raise money. This allows businesses to be publicly trade d, or raise additional financial capital for expansion by selling shares of ownership of the company in a public market. The liquidity that an exchange provides affords investors the ability to quickly and easily sell securities. This is an attractive feature of investing in stocks, compared to other less liquid investments such as real estate. History has shown that the price of shares and other assets is an important part of the dynamics of economic activity, and can influence or be an indicator of social mood. An economy where the stock market is on the rise is considered to be an up-and-coming economy. In fact, the stock market is often considered the primary indicator of a country's economic strength and development. Rising share prices, for instance, tend to be associated with increased business investment and vice versa. Share prices also affect the wealth of households and their consumption. Therefore, central banks tend to keep an eye on the control and behavior of the stock market and, in general, on the smooth operation of financial system functions. Financial stability is the raison d'etre of central banks. Exchanges also act as the clearinghouse for each transaction, meaning that they collect and deliver the shares, and guarantee payment to the seller of a security. This eliminates the risk to an individual buyer or seller that the counterparty could default on the transaction. The smooth functioning of all these activities facilitates economic growth in that lower costs and enterprise risks promote the production of goods and services as well as employment. In this way the financial system contributes to increased prosperity. Stock market index : The movements of the prices in a market or section of a market are captured in price indices called stock market indices, of which there are many, e. g. , the S&P, the FTSE and the Euronext indices. Such indices are usually market capitalization weighted, with the weights reflecting the contribution of the stock to the index. The constituents of the index are reviewed frequently to include/exclude stocks in order to reflect the changing business environment. Derivative instruments : Financial innovation has brought many new financial instruments whose pay-offs or values depend on the prices of stocks. Some examples are exchange-traded funds (ETFs), stock index and stock options, equity swaps, single-stock futures, and stock index futures. These last two may be traded on futures exchanges (which are distinct from stock exchanges—their history traces back to commodities futures exchanges), or traded over-the-counter. As all of these products are only derived from stocks, they are sometimes considered to be traded in a (hypothetical) derivatives market, rather than the (hypothetical) stock market. Leveraged strategies : Stock that a trader does not actually own may be traded using short selling; margin buying may be used to purchase stock with borrowed funds; or, derivatives may be used to control large blocks of stocks for a much smaller amount of money than would be required by outright purchase or sales. Short selling : In short selling, the trader borrows stock (usually from his brokerage which holds its clients' shares or its own shares on account to lend to short sellers) then sells it on the market, hoping for the price to fall. The trader eventually buys back the stock, making money if the price fell in the meantime and losing money if it rose. Exiting a short position by buying back the stock is called â€Å"covering a short position. † This strategy may also be used by unscrupulous traders in illiquid or thinly traded markets to artificially lower the price of a stock. Hence most markets either prevent short selling or place restrictions on when and how a short sale can occur. The practice of naked shorting is illegal in most (but not all) stock markets. Margin buying : In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks' value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor's account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account's equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks' value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor's account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account's equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks' value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor's account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account's equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the New issuance : Global issuance of equity and equity-related instruments totaled $505 billion in 2004, a 29. 8 %% increase over the $389 billion raised in 2003. Initial public offerings (IPOs) by US issuers increased 221 %% with 233 offerings that raised $45 billion, and IPOs in Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) increased by 333 %%, from $ 9 billion to $39 billion. Taxation : According to much national or state legislation, a large array of fiscal obligations are taxed for capital gains. Taxes are charged by the state over the transactions, dividends and capital gains on the stock market, in particular in the stock exchanges. However, these fiscal obligations may vary from jurisdictions to jurisdictions because, among other reasons, it could be assumed that taxation is already incorporated into the stock price through the different taxes companies pay to the state, or that tax free stock market operations are useful to boost economic growth.

Bank of Credit and Commerce International

The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) was the world’s largest Islamic bank which involved in many criminals activities due to which the bank was eventually shut down and was perceived as the worst bank operated ever in the history of world banking sectors.Introduction The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) was established by a Pakistani banker Agha Hasan Abedi in 1972. BCCI was registered in Luxembourg. It reached at height within a decade. It has more than 400 branches which were operated in 78 countries.It was among the world's largest private bank ranking 7th position due to its excessive assets of US$20 billion (History Commons). BCCI's Involvement in Criminal Activities BCCI became the target in 1980 during which an undercover operation (extending two-years) was held through the Customer Service of United Sates. A fake wedding was concluded through the operation which was attended by the drug dealers and BCCI officers across the world. These v iolators built a working relationship and personal friendship with the Special Agent (undercover) Robert Mazur.The key bank officers were put in trial in Tampa for six months after which, they were seriously charged and imprisoned for lengthy period. Many other crimes were revealed during cooperation between bank officers and law enforcement authorities (American Patriot Friends Network). Major Tips of BCCI's Criminal Activities A Congressman Charles Schumer conducted a Congressional investigation between 1979 and 1991 which revealed around 700 tips regarding criminal activities of BCCI.The following are the major tips which were received by the federal law enforcement commissions and the same visualized the BCCI involvement in criminal activities: 1. Promotion of political unrest in Pakistan. 2. Financial supporting to terrorist groups. 3. Smuggling weapons to numerous countries such as Iran, Libya and Syria. 4. Organized criminal linking in Italy and United States. The above are o nly the major tips but indeed, around 700 tips were revealed through the Congressional investigation (History Commons). CIA's Illegal Involvement in BCCI BankFor the last ten years, CIA had been paying to its 500 British Informants through BCCI Bank. The information of illegal overseas business deals and sales of British arms were reported to the CIA by some informants. The spectrum of CIA informants involved in criminal activities include: 1. 124 people in politics or government 2. 53 in banking, industry and commerce 3. 24 scientists 4. 90 in the media 5. 75 in academia 6. 124 in communications Although, individuals were not specifically named but few of them were in senior positions (American Patriot Friends Network).Closure of BCCI Bank The Bank of England shut down the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) on July 5, 1991 and the regulators shut down BCCI offices in dozens of countries and seize about $2 billion of the bank’s $20 billion in assets. Many milita nts including Bin Laden had operated accounts in BCCI. The President of UAE, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan, owned 77% of BCCI shares and approx 1. 4 million accounts were operated by people who had likely lost their monies upon closure of the bank (History Commons).Conclusion Thus, the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) financially supported many militant organizations through the money which was generated through illegal activities including illicit drug trafficking and arms trafficking, therefore, it is right to claim that BCCI worked viciously, violently and criminally in favor of deadly terrorist service across the world due to which the BCCI deserved to be shut down and the criminals operating BCCI will never ‘Rest-In-Peace' (Ambit ERisk).References Ambit ERisk, Case Study: Bank of Credit and Commerce International, Retrieved on May 4, 2010 from http://www. erisk. com/learning/CaseStudies/BankofCreditandCommerceIn. asp American Patriot Friends Network, Bank of Cre dit and Commerce International, Retrieved on May 4, 2010 from http://www. apfn. org/apfn/BCCI. htm History Commons, Bank of Credit & Commerce International, Retrieved on May 4, 2010 from http://www. historycommons. org/entity. jsp? entity=bank_of_credit_and_commerce_international

The United States, The Melting Pot Essays - American Culture

The United States, The Melting Pot Essays - American Culture The United States, The Melting Pot The United States has Changed from a Melting Pot to a Vast Culture with Varying Racial Backgrounds. The United States, created by blending or ?melting? many cultures together into one common man, known as an American. ?Modern communication and transportation accelerate mass migrations from one continent . . .? to the United States (Schlesinger 21). Ethnic and racial diversity was bound to happen in the American society. As immigration began to explode, ?. . . a cult of ethnicity erupted both between non Anglo whites and among nonwhite minorities.? (22). Until recently, the only country who has made a multiethnic society work, was the United States. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur said, in America ?. . . individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men.? Is this still true? The creation of the U.S. ?. . . was not to preserve old cultures but to forge a new, American culture." (Schlesinger 22). In the 20th century, the melting pot is not working, and the whole idea is under attack (Evans 76). The United States has changed from a melting pot to a vast culture with varying backgrounds. In years before, America was a collection of Chinese, Germans, Italians, Scots, Croats, etc., all craving freedom. Today, even the simple concept of an English-speaking nation is fading off the continent. ?In the old days, immigrants were taught in English in the public schools.? (76). In America today, children are taught in German, Italian, Polish, and 108 other languages. Most of these schools are funded by 139 million federal dollars. Until recently, emigrants in the United States longed for admittance in society's mainstream. Now these groups demand separation from society, to be able to preserve and conserve their customs and languages. The biggest problem with this demand, is whatever accommodation takes place, must be done and accepted by the receiving society (Chavez 60). The increasing accommodations directed toward immigrant culture worries many Americans. Americans fear the special treatment granted to immigrants will effect the unifying force of the country. ?Today, the trend is toward multiculturalism, diversity and adapting the newcomer, rather than on the newcomer adapting himself or herself to . . .? a diverse society (61). Many Americans believe the nation has lost control of its boundaries. Concerned if immigration continues, the U.S. economy will suffer, and that employment will be scarce. Immigrants ?. . .are flooding the welfare rolls and are heavily involved in crime.?(Morganthau 18). The increase number of U. S. immigrants does effect the number of jobs available. The problem is, immigrants are either highly qualified ( take American jobs) or are less than skilled in any field (increase welfare). The view on immigration today is one of a drag on the economy, instead of a lift (18). In 1995, new immigration laws transfigure the American society. As a result, races group together to defend their customs. The current immigration problem also increases the racial tension facing America today. One result of racism in the United States is hate groups and gangs. Both have only one thing in commonviolence! ?The very use of the term ?of color? - which embraces blacks, . . .? Asians, Native Americans and Hispanics, ?. . . many whom are ethnically white - implies that these disparate groups are bonded simply by not being of Northern European descent.? (Henry III 73). One example of these hate groups is the Ku Klux Klan, known for their hatred toward African Americans, Catholics, and Jews. The growing diversity of the American population makes the popularity of ?multiculturalism? and ?Political Correctness? explode. The main function of this craze is to raise minority self-esteem. Viewed by some, the obstacle this creates is not for the better. Multiculturalism helps unite groups and separates them from the rest of the country. ?. . .Civil liberties and human rights is portrayed as the root of all evil . . . ? (Schlesinger 3). A positive approach would have Americans stop seeing themselves as members of primarily one ethnic group, gaining their total identity from that group. White or black, Hispanic or Asian, they must envision themselves simply as Americans. Brookhiser, Richard. ?The Melting Pot is

The Highest Elevation Points in Each U.S. State

The Highest Elevation Points in Each U.S. State The United States of America is the third-largest country in the world based on population and land area. It has a total area of 3,794,100 square miles divided into 50 states. The topography of the states varies from the flat, low-lying areas of Florida to the rugged mountainous western states like Alaska and Colorado. The Highest Points In the U.S. This list notes the highest point in each state:Â   Alaska: Mount McKinley (or Denali) at 20,320 feet (6,193 m)California: Mount Whitney at 14,495 feet (4,418 m)Colorado: Mount Elbert at 14,433 feet (4,399 m)Washington: Mount Rainier at 14,411 feet (4,392 m)Wyoming: Gannett Peak at 13,804 feet (4,207 m)Hawaii: Mauna Kea at 13,796 feet (4,205 m)Utah: Kings Peak at 13,528 feet (4,123 m)New Mexico: Wheeler Peak at 13,161 feet (4,011 m)Nevada: Boundary Peak at 13,140 feet (4,005 m)Montana: Granite Peak at 12,799 feet (3,901 m)Idaho: Borah Peak at 12,662 feet (3,859 m)Arizona: Humphreys Peak at 12,633 feet (3,850 m)Oregon: Mount Hood at 11,239 feet (3,425 m)Texas: Guadalupe Peak at 8,749 feet (2,667 m)South Dakota: Harney Peak at 7,242 feet (2,207 m)North Carolina: Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet (2,037 m)Tennessee: Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 m)New Hampshire: Mount Washington at 6,288 feet (1,916 m)Virginia: Mount Rogers at 5,729 feet (1,746 m)Nebraska: Panorama Point at 5,426 feet (1,654 m)New York: Mount Marcy at 5,344 feet (1,628 m) Maine: Katahdin at 5,268 feet (1,605 m)Oklahoma: Black Mesa at 4,973 feet (1,515 m)West Virginia: Spruce Knob at 4,861 feet (1,481 m)Georgia: Brasstown Bald at 4,783 feet (1,458 m)Vermont: Mount Mansfield at 4,393 feet (1,339 m)Kentucky: Black Mountain at 4,139 feet (1,261 m)Kansas: Mount Sunflower at 4,039 feet (1,231 m)South Carolina: Sassafras Mountain at 3,554 feet (1,083 m)North Dakota: White Butte at 3,506 feet (1,068 m)Massachusetts: Mount Greylock at 3,488 feet (1,063 m)Maryland: Backbone Mountain at 3,360 feet (1,024 m)Pennsylvania: Mount Davis at 3,213 feet (979 m)Arkansas: Magazine Mountain at 2,753 feet (839 m)Alabama: Cheaha Mountain at 2,405 feet (733 m)Connecticut: Mount Frissell at 2,372 feet (723 m)Minnesota: Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet (701 m)Michigan: Mount Arvon at 1,978 feet (603 m)Wisconsin: Timms Hill at 1,951 feet (594 m)New Jersey: High Point at 1,803 feet (549 m)Missouri: Taum Sauk Mountain at 1,772 feet (540 m)Iowa: Hawkeye Point at 1,670 feet (509 m)Ohio: Campbell Hill at 1,549 feet (472 m) Indiana: Hoosier Hill at 1,257 feet (383 m)Illinois: Charles Mound at 1,235 feet (376 m)Rhode Island: Jerimoth Hill at 812 feet (247 m)Mississippi: Woodall Mountain at 806 feet (245 m)Louisiana: Driskill Mountain at 535 feet (163 m)Delaware: Ebright Azimuth at 442 feet (135 m)Florida: Britton Hill at 345 feet (105 m)

A Comparison on Non-traditional Middle School Students Essay

A Comparison on Non-traditional Middle School Students - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that  due to globalization, the United States has experienced an influx of foreigners in the last four decades resulting in changes in the public education sector. There has been a variation in academic performance between traditional and non-traditional students. According to Texas State’s statistics, 80% of traditional students move to high school in contrast to 34% for non-traditional students. Also, community-based providers and school officials that serve students in public schools have reported an increase in the number of non-traditional sixteen-year-old seventh graders or seventeen-year-old eighth graders remaining in middle school.This study stresses that  school districts are attempting to address the problem by making changes in their educational systems in order to address the needs of these students. The school officials have developed special programs and various strategies within schools to target the specific group of student s in middle school. The retention impacts negatively on the non-traditional students in middle school.  There are many middle school students who are retained in middle school, which increases the dropout rate by the time students reach high school. Various studies have evidenced other factors that cause students to be retained and become over-age in middle schools without interventions to alleviate the problems.  These students experience self-esteem issues, low reading and math skills, behavioral/emotional needs, a high need for individual attention.